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MAGEA4:黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原(MAGE)家族成員,腫瘤特異性免疫研究熱門靶點(diǎn)!

日期:2023-11-08 13:17:40

加拿大生物公司AbCellera在AACR 2023年年會(huì)上展示了針對(duì)MAGE-A4的T細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)劑(TCE)平臺(tái)的最新數(shù)據(jù)。TCE是一種雙特異性抗體,能夠同時(shí)結(jié)合腫瘤殺傷性T細(xì)胞和腫瘤靶點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別并消除癌細(xì)胞。AbCellera詳細(xì)描述了針對(duì)一種經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證的肽-主要組織相容性復(fù)合物(pMHC)腫瘤靶點(diǎn)的高特異性和可開(kāi)發(fā)性抗體的發(fā)現(xiàn)。通過(guò)充分利用TCE針對(duì)攜帶腫瘤特異性抗原的pMHC,可以激活對(duì)這一通常難以靶向的MAGE-A4腫瘤靶點(diǎn)的免疫效應(yīng)。

黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原4(MAGE-A4)屬于MAGE-As亞家族成員。MAGE-As在一系列惡性腫瘤中廣泛表達(dá),顯示了腫瘤靶向免疫研究的巨大潛力。目前,MAGE-A亞家族中研究最為深入的是MAGE-A1MAGE-A3,對(duì)于其它成員的研究還較少。因MAGE-As蛋白具有很強(qiáng)的抗原同源性,特異性較弱,較難獲得特異性抗體。這給MAGE-A亞家族蛋白表達(dá)的研究帶來(lái)了困難。目前,許多學(xué)者已經(jīng)開(kāi)始研制特異性更強(qiáng)的單克隆抗體,進(jìn)一步探索MAGE家族蛋白在腫瘤特異性免疫研究中的價(jià)值!


1. 什么是黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原(MAGE)?

黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原(Melanoma antigen,MAGE)家族是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的大家庭,分為兩個(gè)亞類,即MAGE-I類和MAGE-II類 (圖1[1]。MAGE-I類抗原為腫瘤特異性抗原(Tumor-Specific Antigen,TSA),屬于癌睪丸抗原中的一個(gè)大家族,主要分布在生殖細(xì)胞和滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞上,包括MAGE-A、B和C三個(gè)亞家族。MAGE-II類抗原,在人體正常的細(xì)胞中可見(jiàn)其表達(dá),成員有MAGE-D、E、F、G、H及L等亞科,其不屬于癌睪丸抗原的范疇。其中,MAGE-As家族包括MAGE-A1~MAGE-A15共15個(gè)成員,人類許多其它組織來(lái)源的腫瘤都至少表達(dá)一種MAGE-A基因。因此,MAGE-A作為一種腫瘤特異性的抗原得到廣泛關(guān)注,已成為多種腫瘤靶向免疫的重要靶點(diǎn) [1-5]。

黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原MAGE家族

圖1. 黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原MAGE家族 [1]


2. 什么是MAGE-A4?

黑色素相關(guān)抗原A4(Melanoma-associated antigen 4,簡(jiǎn)稱MAGEA4或MAGE-A、MAGE4)是一種腫瘤/睪丸組織中抗原,屬于MAGE-As蛋白家族亞型。MAGE-As亞家族主要位于X染色體q28區(qū)域,長(zhǎng)約45kb,有3個(gè)外顯子,其中第1、2號(hào)外顯子很短,第3號(hào)外顯子較長(zhǎng)。MAGE-A編碼一個(gè)309-319個(gè)氨基酸的蛋白質(zhì)(圖2[1]。MAGE-A在細(xì)胞內(nèi)可被加工成抗原肽,與HLA-I類分子相結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,通過(guò)MHC I類分子提呈給CD8+T細(xì)胞,在腫瘤患者體內(nèi)誘發(fā)腫瘤特異性免疫應(yīng)答。目前,MAGE-As亞家族蛋白水平的研究相對(duì)于基因水平的研究較少 [6-8]

MAGE-A4在正常組織中僅在睪丸和胎盤表達(dá),但在多種癌癥細(xì)胞中廣泛存在。MAGE家族是首個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的癌胚抗原,激發(fā)了針對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的特異性免疫研究,其中MAGE-A亞家族研究最為廣泛。研究表明MAGE-A基因可以激活特異性T淋巴細(xì)胞,促使其攻擊腫瘤細(xì)胞。而超過(guò)一半的腫瘤表達(dá)MAGE基因,因此,研究MAGE-A家族對(duì)于腫瘤的免疫研究具有重要意義 [9-11]

MAGE-As亞家族主要位于X染色體q28區(qū)域

圖2. MAGE-As亞家族主要位于X染色體q28區(qū)域 [1]


3. MAGE-A4在腫瘤中的相關(guān)調(diào)控機(jī)制

MAGE-A4所表現(xiàn)出與家族其他成員不同的生物學(xué)特,MAGE-A4具有以下特點(diǎn)而被優(yōu)先當(dāng)做腫瘤疫苗的靶抗原:(1)它含有的肽段可以與特定的MHC分子相結(jié)合;(2)肽MHC與MAGE-A4所形成的復(fù)合物,可以與特定的T細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合并促進(jìn)并激活特異性T細(xì)胞殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。目前對(duì)MAGE-A4的研究較少,MAGE-A4在腫瘤中的調(diào)控機(jī)制,很大程度上仍然是個(gè)未知數(shù),但是越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)暗示了MAGE-A4參與了細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程 [11-19]

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MAGE-A4與抑癌基因P53呈正相關(guān),其C端107個(gè)氨基酸片段(MAGE-A4DeltaN1)通過(guò)與Miz-1部分結(jié)合可誘導(dǎo)P53-依賴和P53-非依賴的獨(dú)立機(jī)制,增強(qiáng)了P53的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,但是減少了p21(Cip1)轉(zhuǎn)錄子和蛋白水平。p53基因是重要的抑癌基因,可促使癌細(xì)胞凋亡并控制細(xì)胞周期。因此,MAGE-A4蛋白表現(xiàn)出的抑制腫瘤進(jìn)展的生物學(xué)活性,提示該蛋白可以保護(hù)機(jī)體免受腫瘤的攻擊(圖3[13]。同時(shí)也有研究提示Twist1的增強(qiáng)子與MAGE-A4的啟動(dòng)子以非直接方式結(jié)合,從而使MAGE-A4擴(kuò)增。然而,另外的研究提示MAGE-A4可以活化跨損傷DNA合成(Trans-lesion synthesis,TLS)途徑的活化,抑制對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的損傷修復(fù),而選擇性活化化療細(xì)胞DNA損傷修復(fù),造成腫瘤細(xì)胞損傷的修復(fù),從而引起腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥的耐藥 [11]。

MAGE-A4和Miz-1部分結(jié)合可誘導(dǎo)P53-依賴和P53-非依賴的獨(dú)立機(jī)制

圖3. MAGE-A4和Miz-1部分結(jié)合可誘導(dǎo)P53-依賴和P53-非依賴的獨(dú)立機(jī)制 [13]


4. MAGE-A4在腫瘤中的作用

MAGE-A家族成員表達(dá)于多種類型的腫瘤組織,如肝癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、膀胱癌、外陰癌、結(jié)直腸腫瘤、唾液腺腫瘤、宮頸癌等 [4-5,20-21]。最近的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了MAGE-A4在乳腺癌、膠質(zhì)瘤、食管鱗癌、前列腺癌、甲狀腺癌以及口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌等多種惡性腫瘤中的表達(dá) [10-11,22-23]。這一廣泛的分布提示了MAGE-A4在多種腫瘤類型中可能具有重要的生物學(xué)功能和臨床意義。

4.1 MAGE-A4和乳腺癌研究

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在三陰性乳腺癌(TNBC)中,MAGE-A4的陽(yáng)性率為35.21%,高于非三陰性乳腺癌。此外,研究指出MAGE-A4表達(dá)與腫瘤臨床分期相關(guān),隨著臨床分期升高,其陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率下降,可能在腫瘤進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮抑制作用。MAGE-A家族成員和NY-ESO-1在乳腺癌中被確認(rèn)為腫瘤相關(guān)抗原,與雌激素受體(ER)的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)。同時(shí),MAGE-As的表達(dá)與乳腺癌不良預(yù)后指標(biāo)HER-2呈正相關(guān)。此外,MAGE-A4能夠激活體內(nèi)CD4+T細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng),有可能在腫瘤早期通過(guò)免疫反應(yīng)殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞。這些研究結(jié)果表明MAGE-A4有望成為TNBC的潛在靶點(diǎn) [22]

4.2 MAGE-A4和膠質(zhì)瘤研究

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MAGE-A4在膠質(zhì)瘤中表達(dá)與正常腦組織相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。MAGE-A4具有在睪丸組織之外正常體細(xì)胞不表達(dá)的特點(diǎn),這為MAGE-A4作為特異性靶抗原應(yīng)用到膠質(zhì)瘤免疫研究提供了理論依據(jù)。MAGE-A4 mRNA在高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤(Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(jí))中表達(dá)明顯高于低級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)),這表明MAGE-A4可能與膠質(zhì)瘤惡性分化相關(guān),可作為評(píng)估惡性程度的參考指標(biāo),或用于評(píng)估膠質(zhì)瘤患者的KPS評(píng)分和病理分級(jí)。MAGE-A4在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中有特異性表達(dá),并且與病理級(jí)別顯著相關(guān),而在正常腦組織中沒(méi)有表達(dá)。因此,MAGE-A4可以作為腦膠質(zhì)瘤免疫研究的理想靶點(diǎn) [23, 25]。

4.3 MAGE-A4和食管鱗癌研究

實(shí)驗(yàn)采用qPCR和免疫組化的方法分別檢測(cè),研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在食管鱗癌中,MAGE-A4的表達(dá)率高達(dá)50%,而在不典型組織和正常食管黏膜中表達(dá)水平較低。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅突顯了MAGE-A4基因在食管鱗癌中的嚴(yán)格腫瘤表達(dá)特異性,而且證實(shí)了其在食管鱗癌發(fā)展中的潛在作用。因此,MAGE-A4基因可以作為食管鱗癌特異性標(biāo)志物,為準(zhǔn)確臨床研究提供了有力依據(jù)。隨著腫瘤特異性標(biāo)志物在臨床中的逐步應(yīng)用,其對(duì)大多數(shù)惡性腫瘤的效果產(chǎn)生積極影響,為后續(xù)臨床研究提供有效支持 [27-28]。

4.4 MAGE-A4和其它腫瘤研究

研究表明MAGE-A4在多種腫瘤中發(fā)揮重要作用。例如,利用小RNA使肺鱗癌細(xì)胞系H1703中的MAGE-A4基因表達(dá)沉默后,caspase-3活性下降了58% [28]。另一項(xiàng)研究針對(duì)直腸癌患者展示了MAGE-A4抗原肽治療的有效性,導(dǎo)致患者腫瘤生長(zhǎng)速度及癌胚抗原顯著降低 [29]。此外,針對(duì)187例非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的研究表明,組織中MAGE-A4的表達(dá)可能導(dǎo)致人白細(xì)胞抗原HLA的丟失,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致患者的5年生存率顯著下降 [30]。在食管癌組織中,MAGE-4,MAGE-12和NY-ESO-1呈現(xiàn)不同程度的表達(dá),而在食管癌旁的正常組織中則不表達(dá) [31]。此外,MAGE-A與前列腺癌中的AR形成分子橋,促進(jìn)AR的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)AR依賴性前列腺癌的生長(zhǎng) [4, 32]。


5. MAGE-A4臨床研究前景

目前,有19種針對(duì)MAGEA4的藥物在臨床研究中,其中最高階段的是Afamitresgene Autoleucel(艾基奧侖賽),一種TCR細(xì)胞療法,已經(jīng)進(jìn)入三期臨床試驗(yàn),用于治療滑膜肉瘤,食管癌和粘液樣脂肪肉瘤等。其他藥物的類型包括雙特異性抗體,重組蛋白,細(xì)胞療法,融合蛋白和T細(xì)胞療法等。這些藥物的共同靶點(diǎn)是MAGE-A4,部分藥物還針對(duì)其他靶點(diǎn),如CD3MAGEA8,NY-ESO-1,PRAMESSX2,survivin,WT1,HLA-A 24,CCL19,IL-7等。

基于MAGEA4靶點(diǎn)的藥物作用機(jī)制主要是通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)或抑制MAGEA4或其他靶點(diǎn)的表達(dá)或功能,來(lái)誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡或抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移。部分藥物還通過(guò)增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)的反應(yīng)或替代損傷的細(xì)胞來(lái)發(fā)揮作用。這些藥物的在研適應(yīng)癥主要是各種類型的腫瘤,如黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,非小細(xì)胞肺癌,頭頸部腫瘤等。部分藥物還有其他在研適應(yīng)癥,如血液及淋巴系統(tǒng)疾病,消化系統(tǒng)疾病,呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病等。MAGEA4靶點(diǎn)藥物的研發(fā)展示了其活躍性和多樣性,也凸顯了該靶點(diǎn)在腫瘤免疫研究中的重要地位和前景。

為鼎力協(xié)助科研和藥企人員針對(duì)MAGEA4的在腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用研究,CUSABIO推出MAGEA4活性蛋白(Code:CSB-MP013330HU)以及MAGEA4抗體(Code: CSB-MA013330A0m),助力您在MAGEA4機(jī)制方面的研究或其潛在臨床價(jià)值的探索。

華美 CUSABIO MAGEA4 蛋白

Recombinant Human Melanoma-associated antigen 4 (MAGEA4) (Active) Code: CSB-MP013330HU

High Purity Validated by SDS-PAGE
CSB-MP013330HU SDS

The high purity is greater than 90% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA
High Purity Validated of CSB-MP013330HU

Immobilized Human MAGEA4 at 2 μg/ml can bind anti-MAGEA4 recombinant antibody. The EC50 is 30.33-43.10 ng/mL.


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